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Handbook of Machine Olfaction Electronic Nose Technology by: T. C. Pearce, S. S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner
Daftar Isi
1 Introduction to Olfaction: Perception, Anatomy, Physiology,and Molecular Biology
1.1 Introduction to Olfaction 1
1.2 Odor Classification Schemes Based on Adjective Descriptors 4
1.3 Odor Classification Based on Chemical Properties 7
1.4 Physiology and Anatomy of Olfaction 17
1.5 Molecular Biology Of Olfaction 21
1.6 Taste 23
1.7 Final Comment 26
2 Chemical Sensing in Humans and Machines 33
2.1 Human Chemosensory Perception of Airborne Chemicals 33
2.2 Nasal Chemosensory Detection 34
2.3 Olfactory and Nasal Chemesthetic Detection of Mixtures of Chemicals 38
2.4 Physicochemical Determinants of Odor and Nasal Pungency 39
2.5 Human Chemical Sensing: Olfactometry 42
2.6 Instruments for Chemical Sensing: Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry 47
3 Odor Handling and Delivery Systems 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Physics of Evaporation 56
3.3 Sample Flow System 57
3.4 Static System 64
3.5 Preconcentrator 65
3.6 Measurement of Sensor Directly Exposed to Ambient Vapor 70
3.7 Summary 74
4 Introduction to Chemosensors 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Survey and Classification of Chemosensors 79
4.3 Chemoresistors 81
4.4 Chemocapacitors (CAP) 87
4.5 Potentiometric Odor Sensors 88
4.6 Gravimetric Odor Sensors 89
4.7 Optical Odor Sensors 93
4.8 Thermal (Calorimetric) Sensors 96
4.9 Amperometric Sensors 96
4.10 Summary of Chemical Sensors 98
5 Signal Conditioning and Preprocessing 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Interface Circuits 106
5.3 Signal Conditioning 114
5.4 Signal Preprocessing 120
5.5 Noise in Sensors and Circuits 125
5.6 Outlook 128
5.7 Conclusions 129
5.8 Acknowledgements 130
6 Pattern Analysis for Electronic Noses 133
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Statistical Pattern Analysis Techniques 138
6.3 ‘Intelligent’ Pattern Analysis Techniques 145
6.4 Outlook and Conclusions 155
7 Commercial Electronic Nose Instruments 161
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 Commercial Availability 164
7.3 Some Market Considerations 176
8 Optical Electronic Noses 181
8.1 Introduction 181
8.3 The Tufts Artificial Nose 191
8.4 Conclusion 198
9 Hand-held and Palm-Top Chemical Microsensor Systems for Gas Analysis 201
9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 Conventional Hand-held Systems 203
9.3 Silicon-Based Microsensors 211
9.4 Summary and Outlook 226
10 Integrated Electronic Noses and Microsystems for Chemical Analysis 231
10.1 Introduction 231
10.2 Microcomponents for Fluid Handling 233
10.3 Integrated E-Nose Systems 245
10.4 Microsystems for Chemical Analysis 251
10.5 Future Outlook 260
11 Electronic Tongues and Combinations of Artificial Senses 267
11.1 Introduction 267
11.2 Electronic Tongues 269
11.3 The Combination or Fusion of Artificial Senses 284
11.4 Conclusions 287
12 Dynamic Pattern Recognition Methods and System Identification 293
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Dynamic Models and System Identification 294
12.3 Identifying a Model 304
12.4 Dynamic Models and Intelligent Sensor Systems 309
12.5 Outlook 319
13 Drift Compensation, Standards, and Calibration Methods 325
13.1 Physical Reasons for Drift and Sensor Poisoning 325
13.2 Examples of Sensor Drift 329
13.3 Comparison of Drift and Noise 331
13.4 Model Building Strategies 332
13.5 Calibration Transfer 332
13.6 Drift Compensation 333
13.7 Conclusions 344
14 Chemical Sensor Array Optimization: Geometric and Information Theoretic Approaches 347
14.1 The Need for Array Performance Definition and Optimization 347
14.2 Historical Perspective 349
14.3 Geometric Interpretation 351
14.4 Noise Considerations 355
14.5 Non-linear Transformations 363
14.6 Array Performance as a Statistical Estimation Problem 366
14.7 Fisher Information Matrix and the Best Unbiased Estimator 367
14.8 FIM Calculations for Chemosensors 369
14.9 Performance Optimization 370
14.10 Conclusions 373
15 Correlating Electronic Nose and Sensory Panel Data 377
15.2 Sensory Panel Methods 378
15.3 Applications of Electronic Noses for Correlating Sensory Data 387
15.4 Algorithms for Correlating Sensor Array Data with Sensory Panels 388
15.5 Correlations of Electronic Nose Data with Sensory Panel Data 393
15.6 Conclusions 396
16 Machine Olfaction for Mobile Robots 399
16.1 Introduction 399
16.2 Olfactory-Guided Behavior of Animals 400
16.3 Sensors and Signal Processing in Mobile Robots 403
16.4. Trail Following Robots 404
16.5 Plume Tracking Robots 407
16.6 Other Technologies in Developing Plume Tracking Systems 413
16.7 Concluding Remarks 416
17 Environmental Monitoring 419
17.1 Introduction 419
17.2 Special Considerations for Environmental Monitoring 425
17.3 Case Study 1: Livestock Odor Classification 426
17.4 Case Study 2: Swine Odor Detection Thresholds 430
17.5 Case Study 3: Biofilter Evaluation 432
17.6 Case Study 4: Mold Detection 437
17.7 Future Directions 441
18 Medical Diagnostics and Health Monitoring 445
18.1 Introduction 445
18.2 Special Considerations in Medical/Healthcare Applications 449
18.3 Monitoring Metabolic Defects in Humans Using a Conducting Polymer Sensor Array to Measure Odor 450
18.4 The Use of an Electronic Nose for the Detection of Bacterial Vaginosis 454
18.5 Conclusion 458
19 Recognition of Natural Products 461
19.1 Introduction 461
19.2 Recent Literature Review 462
19.3 Sampling Techniques 462
19.4 Case Study: The Rapid Detection of Natural Products as a Means of Identifying Plant Species
19.5 Case Study: Differentiation of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 475
19.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 478
20 Process Monitoring 481
20.1 Introduction 481
20.2 Previous Work 483
20.3 Special Considerations 487
20.4 Selected Process Monitoring Examples 487
20.5 Future Prospects 501
21 Food and Beverage Quality Assurance 505
21.1 Introduction 505
21.2 Literature Survey 507
21.3 Methodological Issues in Food Measurement with Electronic Nose 510
21.4 Selected Case 511
21.5 Conclusions 520
21.6 Future Outlook 521
22 Automotive and Aerospace Applications 525
22.1 Introduction 525
22.2 Automotive Applications 525
22.3 Aerospace Applications 526
22.4 Polymer Composite Films 529
22.5 Electronic Nose Operation in Spacecraft 530
22.6 Method Development 536
22.7 Future Directions 543
22.8 Conclusion 545
23 Detection of Explosives 547
23.1 Introduction 547
23.2 Previous Work 548
23.3 State-of-the-art of Various Explosive Vapor Sensors 549
23.4 Case Study 557
23.5 Conclusions 559
23.6 Future Directions 559
24 Cosmetics and Fragrances 561
24.1 Introduction 561
24.2 The Case for an Electronic Nose in Perfumery 562
24.3 Current Challenges and Limitations of Electronic Noses 563
24.4 Literature Review of Electronic Noses in Perfumery and Cosmetics 564
24.5 Special Considerations for using Electronic Noses to Classify and Judge Quality of Perfumes, PRMs, and Products
24.6 Case Study 1: Use in Classification of PRMs with Different Odor Character but of Similar Composition
24.7 Case Study 2: Use in Judging the Odor Quality of a Sunscreen Product 570
24.8 Conclusions 575
24.9 Future Directions 576
Index 579
Daftar Isi
1 Introduction to Olfaction: Perception, Anatomy, Physiology,and Molecular Biology
1.1 Introduction to Olfaction 1
1.2 Odor Classification Schemes Based on Adjective Descriptors 4
1.3 Odor Classification Based on Chemical Properties 7
1.4 Physiology and Anatomy of Olfaction 17
1.5 Molecular Biology Of Olfaction 21
1.6 Taste 23
1.7 Final Comment 26
2 Chemical Sensing in Humans and Machines 33
2.1 Human Chemosensory Perception of Airborne Chemicals 33
2.2 Nasal Chemosensory Detection 34
2.3 Olfactory and Nasal Chemesthetic Detection of Mixtures of Chemicals 38
2.4 Physicochemical Determinants of Odor and Nasal Pungency 39
2.5 Human Chemical Sensing: Olfactometry 42
2.6 Instruments for Chemical Sensing: Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry 47
3 Odor Handling and Delivery Systems 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Physics of Evaporation 56
3.3 Sample Flow System 57
3.4 Static System 64
3.5 Preconcentrator 65
3.6 Measurement of Sensor Directly Exposed to Ambient Vapor 70
3.7 Summary 74
4 Introduction to Chemosensors 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Survey and Classification of Chemosensors 79
4.3 Chemoresistors 81
4.4 Chemocapacitors (CAP) 87
4.5 Potentiometric Odor Sensors 88
4.6 Gravimetric Odor Sensors 89
4.7 Optical Odor Sensors 93
4.8 Thermal (Calorimetric) Sensors 96
4.9 Amperometric Sensors 96
4.10 Summary of Chemical Sensors 98
5 Signal Conditioning and Preprocessing 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Interface Circuits 106
5.3 Signal Conditioning 114
5.4 Signal Preprocessing 120
5.5 Noise in Sensors and Circuits 125
5.6 Outlook 128
5.7 Conclusions 129
5.8 Acknowledgements 130
6 Pattern Analysis for Electronic Noses 133
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Statistical Pattern Analysis Techniques 138
6.3 ‘Intelligent’ Pattern Analysis Techniques 145
6.4 Outlook and Conclusions 155
7 Commercial Electronic Nose Instruments 161
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 Commercial Availability 164
7.3 Some Market Considerations 176
8 Optical Electronic Noses 181
8.1 Introduction 181
8.3 The Tufts Artificial Nose 191
8.4 Conclusion 198
9 Hand-held and Palm-Top Chemical Microsensor Systems for Gas Analysis 201
9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 Conventional Hand-held Systems 203
9.3 Silicon-Based Microsensors 211
9.4 Summary and Outlook 226
10 Integrated Electronic Noses and Microsystems for Chemical Analysis 231
10.1 Introduction 231
10.2 Microcomponents for Fluid Handling 233
10.3 Integrated E-Nose Systems 245
10.4 Microsystems for Chemical Analysis 251
10.5 Future Outlook 260
11 Electronic Tongues and Combinations of Artificial Senses 267
11.1 Introduction 267
11.2 Electronic Tongues 269
11.3 The Combination or Fusion of Artificial Senses 284
11.4 Conclusions 287
12 Dynamic Pattern Recognition Methods and System Identification 293
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Dynamic Models and System Identification 294
12.3 Identifying a Model 304
12.4 Dynamic Models and Intelligent Sensor Systems 309
12.5 Outlook 319
13 Drift Compensation, Standards, and Calibration Methods 325
13.1 Physical Reasons for Drift and Sensor Poisoning 325
13.2 Examples of Sensor Drift 329
13.3 Comparison of Drift and Noise 331
13.4 Model Building Strategies 332
13.5 Calibration Transfer 332
13.6 Drift Compensation 333
13.7 Conclusions 344
14 Chemical Sensor Array Optimization: Geometric and Information Theoretic Approaches 347
14.1 The Need for Array Performance Definition and Optimization 347
14.2 Historical Perspective 349
14.3 Geometric Interpretation 351
14.4 Noise Considerations 355
14.5 Non-linear Transformations 363
14.6 Array Performance as a Statistical Estimation Problem 366
14.7 Fisher Information Matrix and the Best Unbiased Estimator 367
14.8 FIM Calculations for Chemosensors 369
14.9 Performance Optimization 370
14.10 Conclusions 373
15 Correlating Electronic Nose and Sensory Panel Data 377
15.2 Sensory Panel Methods 378
15.3 Applications of Electronic Noses for Correlating Sensory Data 387
15.4 Algorithms for Correlating Sensor Array Data with Sensory Panels 388
15.5 Correlations of Electronic Nose Data with Sensory Panel Data 393
15.6 Conclusions 396
16 Machine Olfaction for Mobile Robots 399
16.1 Introduction 399
16.2 Olfactory-Guided Behavior of Animals 400
16.3 Sensors and Signal Processing in Mobile Robots 403
16.4. Trail Following Robots 404
16.5 Plume Tracking Robots 407
16.6 Other Technologies in Developing Plume Tracking Systems 413
16.7 Concluding Remarks 416
17 Environmental Monitoring 419
17.1 Introduction 419
17.2 Special Considerations for Environmental Monitoring 425
17.3 Case Study 1: Livestock Odor Classification 426
17.4 Case Study 2: Swine Odor Detection Thresholds 430
17.5 Case Study 3: Biofilter Evaluation 432
17.6 Case Study 4: Mold Detection 437
17.7 Future Directions 441
18 Medical Diagnostics and Health Monitoring 445
18.1 Introduction 445
18.2 Special Considerations in Medical/Healthcare Applications 449
18.3 Monitoring Metabolic Defects in Humans Using a Conducting Polymer Sensor Array to Measure Odor 450
18.4 The Use of an Electronic Nose for the Detection of Bacterial Vaginosis 454
18.5 Conclusion 458
19 Recognition of Natural Products 461
19.1 Introduction 461
19.2 Recent Literature Review 462
19.3 Sampling Techniques 462
19.4 Case Study: The Rapid Detection of Natural Products as a Means of Identifying Plant Species
19.5 Case Study: Differentiation of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 475
19.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 478
20 Process Monitoring 481
20.1 Introduction 481
20.2 Previous Work 483
20.3 Special Considerations 487
20.4 Selected Process Monitoring Examples 487
20.5 Future Prospects 501
21 Food and Beverage Quality Assurance 505
21.1 Introduction 505
21.2 Literature Survey 507
21.3 Methodological Issues in Food Measurement with Electronic Nose 510
21.4 Selected Case 511
21.5 Conclusions 520
21.6 Future Outlook 521
22 Automotive and Aerospace Applications 525
22.1 Introduction 525
22.2 Automotive Applications 525
22.3 Aerospace Applications 526
22.4 Polymer Composite Films 529
22.5 Electronic Nose Operation in Spacecraft 530
22.6 Method Development 536
22.7 Future Directions 543
22.8 Conclusion 545
23 Detection of Explosives 547
23.1 Introduction 547
23.2 Previous Work 548
23.3 State-of-the-art of Various Explosive Vapor Sensors 549
23.4 Case Study 557
23.5 Conclusions 559
23.6 Future Directions 559
24 Cosmetics and Fragrances 561
24.1 Introduction 561
24.2 The Case for an Electronic Nose in Perfumery 562
24.3 Current Challenges and Limitations of Electronic Noses 563
24.4 Literature Review of Electronic Noses in Perfumery and Cosmetics 564
24.5 Special Considerations for using Electronic Noses to Classify and Judge Quality of Perfumes, PRMs, and Products
24.6 Case Study 1: Use in Classification of PRMs with Different Odor Character but of Similar Composition
24.7 Case Study 2: Use in Judging the Odor Quality of a Sunscreen Product 570
24.8 Conclusions 575
24.9 Future Directions 576
Index 579
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